Yet it still has a following of faithful educators who use it in their classrooms and love it. The Silent Way belongs to a tradition that views learning as a problemsolving, creative, discovering activity, in which the learner is a principal actor rather than a bench-bound listener (Bruner 1966). Learning is facilitated by accompanying (mediating) physical objects. The instructor provides single word or sentences stimuli to prompt students if they struggle (Brown & Lee). FluentU is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. (See, for example, these charts from Pronunciation Science.). Gattegno does not, however, provide details as to the precise selection and arrangement of grammatical and lexical items to be covered. 1 Introduction. Students waste too much time struggling with a concept that would be easily clarified by the ⦠In order to teach the language to ⦠Very broadly put, the learning hypotheses underlying Gattegno's work could be stated as follows: Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned. Like most cultural events of the 60s and 70s, it was a reaction to previous approaches and methods that were considered excessively rigid and constricting. Students, on the other hand, are encouraged to speak as much as possible. In fact, it is not uncommon for the teacher to remain silent for parts of a lesson. The Silent Way Tell me and I forget, Teach me and I remember,Involve me and I learn. The Silent Way In the silent way method the teacher must not interfere with the learning process, he/she should concentrate on how students learn; not on how to teach. Especially when you first begin using it, it may be preferable to combine aspects of the Silent Way with some of the best practices taken from other methods. There are plenty of great reasons to at least give this method a try. You can tap one sound harder than the others if you need to show students which syllable of a word to stress. So what exactly is the Silent Way? It is just a matter of pointing to the correct sound on the chart and indicating to the student, through your body language, whether they are pronouncing it correctly or not. Links to pronunciation charts in other languages, such as Chinese, Japanese and French, can be reached via the website of Donald Cherry, a long-time practitioner and advocate of the Silent Way. The Silent Way shares a great deal with other learning theories and educational philosophies. However, even if you don’t become formally trained as an expert in the Silent Way, you can still utilize some Silent Way methodologies in your language classroom. 2. Some have graced us with just a brief visit. It was based upon ideas outlined in his book “Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools the Silent Way,” published in 1963. In the Silent Way, the teacher is a facilitator, intervening vocally only if absolutely necessary. In short, the Silent Way perhaps has more advantages than we have given it credit for, and deserves (at the very least!) Learners draw on everything that they already know, especially their native language. At this point, you’ll also want to solicit feedback among students, which is an important part of Silent Way teaching. They and their students will tell you that they have found it far superior to any other method. Make a positive impact? We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Like TPR, it gets students moving, speaking and constructing meaning independently without textbooks and drills. Disadvantages : 1. Metode Silent Way pada umumnya diterapkan dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris dan Prancis. Language Teaching Methods explores various methodologies of English language teaching. Learning is facilitated by problem solving involving the material to be learned. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view Another important feature of this method is the use of Cuisenaire rods. Namun tidak menutup kemungkinan metode ini akan cocok diterapkan dalam pembelajaran bahasa asing lainnya. How much will your students learn? In Fact, Caleb Gattegno, the founder of the Silent Way,devoted his thinking to the importance of problem solving approach in education. Learning is achieved through the use of colour-coded charts that represent the sounds and spellings of language and small, coloured, multi-length blocks of wood called Cuisenaire rods (originally designed for mathematics). Dec. 15, 2020. We also participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services we believe in. One great online resource is Hand2Mind, a site where you can easily find and order a wide variety of classroom resources. It is not usually considered a mainstream method language education.It was first introduced in Gattegno's book Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools: The Silent Way in 1963. Guru lebih banyak diam, namun guru aktif ⦠It was based upon ideas outlined in his book âTeaching Foreign Languages in Schools the Silent Way,âpublished in 1963. The silent way Approach 1. Most of the traditional tools for language instruction (textbooks, worksheets, verb conjugation tables) are completely absent from this method. In their place, instruction takes place through the medium of Cuisenaire rods (colored rods traditionally used in the teaching of math to primary school students) and charts that indicate the correct pronunciation of certain letters without the teacher having to teach pronunciation through rote memorization or call-and-response exercises. Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation's collection. 4. But is the Silent Way really practical? At the other extreme, some will tell you it is nonsense. A lot of time is allotted to the pronunciation. Next point out another direction using the chart: “Put the rod. Language is not learned by repeating after a model; students need to develop their own âinner criteriaâ for correctness. 3 Conclusion. If you want to become an expert, we recommend starting with Gattegno’s original book, Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools the Silent Way (which is available for free online) and then working your way up from there. Teacher modelli⦠Because Silent Way teachers speak so little, they are free to observe their students carefully and be available to them. You can look for whatever you need under “Grade” or a category like “Math,” “Science” or “Literacy” (in this case, you could go to “Math” and scroll down to “Manipulatives”) or simply use the search field. Learning tasks and activities in the Silent Way have the function of encouraging and shaping student oral response without direct oral instruction from or unnecessary modelling by the teacher. Silent Way adalah nama suatu metode pengajaran bahasa yang ditemukan oleh Caleb Gattegno. Caleb Gattegno's Silent Way teaching approach and its materials. Don Cherry assisted in the design of the American English charts. Some teachers use the Silent Way religiously. Examples of English pronunciation charts can be found here. Let us consider each of these issues in turn. a second look. The Syllabus of the Method: The Silent Way adopts a basically structural syllabus, with lessons planned around grammatical items and related vocabulary. It is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom but the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible. Imitation and drill are not the primary means by which students learn but trial and error. The basic method that underlies this approach is simple ⦠Maintain flexible hours? The answer depends on you and your students. It is not usually considered a mainstream method in language education. Well, each color represents a different sound. The use of the Silent Way enables a very high degree of interaction as well between the teacher and the students as between the students themselves and additionally raises the participation of the students in class. Elements of the Silent Way, particularly the use of color charts and the colored Cuisenaire rods, grew out of Gattegno's previous experience as an educational designer of reading and mathematics programs. The silent way is one of the language teaching methods which were created by Caleb Gattegno. He introduced this method in 1903 in his book which is called âTeaching Foreign Languages in Schools: the silent wayâ. Errors are important and necessary to learning. Silent Way- This method of teaching English, also known as the Natural approach, is based on the idea of how human beings learn to speak their mother tongue. What do rectangles have to do with pronunciation, you ask? You will begin by instructing your students on pronunciation using a chart with multicolored rectangles. We know how you feel. This unconventional method was developed alongside Afro hairstyles and platform shoes back in the 1970s by mathematician (yes, we said mathematician) Caleb Gattegno. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. Gattegno claims similar benefits from learners taught via the Silent Way. Students may be confused with the symbols of the colored wooden rods. Top 10 blogs in 2020 for remote teaching and learning; Dec. 11, 2020 4 Bibliography. The role of the teacher is to direct students’ focus, facilitate self-reflection and provide verbal and nonverbal feedback when necessary. You can also find other resources on TED Ed to help you get set up for using this method in your classroom. After all, every teacher’s ultimate goal is to equip their students with the tools to manage the content independently, with limited teacher intervention. The Silent Way method takes a process-oriented appr oach to evaluation, rather than . The student then follows the direction and puts the rod on the table. (Download). The teacher literally adopts the silent way while ensuring that they elicit a response from the learners and allowing the learners to try and correct their own mistakes. Learners then go on create their own utterances by putting together old and new information. Click here to get a copy. How could that possibly work? But it is also completely feasible to look at examples of them and create your own. In the absence of the teacher dominating the lesson, the student takes an active role in the learning process, and their input guides the learning trajectory. Like most cultural events of the 60s and 70s, it was a reaction to previous approaches and methods that were considered excessively rigid and constricting. Once the students have learned, through repetition, what these sounds are, you can move on to charts that have short words, with letters that are color-coded to represent the sounds. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Once students have learned which sound corresponds to which color, you can walk them through a simple activity. Teaching languages silently, teaching without words, seems to be an insoluble paradox which is contained in the name of the method under question in this paper: The Silent Way. © 2020 Enux Education Limited. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Check if you have access via personal or institutional login, Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) Regional Language Centre (RELC), Singapore. Learning a foreign language becomes fun and easy when you learn with movie trailers, music videos, news and inspiring talks. According to him, the teacher should be silent as much as possible, but the students should be motivated to speak the language. Gattegno was skeptical of the mainstream language education of the time, and conceived of the ⦠Blog. ï§The Silent Way is often criticized of being a harsh method. Be part of an empowering and collaborative community? There is a wealth of literature on the techniques and methods of the Silent Way. According to the topic chosen, the teacher would use rods with different colors to separate the classification of words related to grammar in context. As with most things in education and in life, a balanced approach is key. The basic method that underlies this approach is simple but potentially quite powerful: In contrast to traditional methods, the emphasis is on the student’s learning rather than the teacher’s teaching. And how can you use it? The silent way is a methodology of teaching language based on the idea that teachers should be as silent as possible during a class but learners should be encouraged to speak as much as possible. Others have stood the test of time and become part of the training of language teachers the world over. 3. The Silent Way is the name of a method of language teaching devised by Caleb Gattegno. Hovering wordlessly in a category all by itself is a powerful but somewhat oddball method known as the “Silent Way.”. The learner works in isolation and communication is lacking badly in a Silent Way classroom. FluentU brings language learning to life with real-world videos. Throughout history, many trends in the world of language teaching have come and gone. The Silent Way is a language teaching method created by Caleb Gattegno that makes extensive use of silence as a teaching technique. Download: The Silent Way is not for everyone. -- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. Benjamin Franklin 2. As you can probably imagine, though, the Silent Way is not without its drawbacks. There are three basic principles: - The learner needs to discover or create - Learning is made easier by the use of physical objects such as Cuisenaire rods In fact, if you examine the Silent Way closely, it does bear some resemblance to other more popular methods. The Silent Way is one of these innovative methods. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Bruner discusses the benefits derived from “discovery learning” under four headings: (a) the increase in intellectual potency, (b) the shift from extrinsic to intrinsic rewards, (c) the learning of heuristics by discovering, and (d) the aid to conserving memory (Bruner 1966: 83). This method highly encourages active student participation. He contends that the method is constructivist and leads the learners to develop their own conceptual models of all the aspects of the language. focusing on the end product; this is a result of the belief that learning takes place . If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to teach languages with real-world videos. All Rights Reserved. The teacher redirects and corrects when necessary, but the teacher grants students greater autonomy and fosters the development of independent problem-solving skills. As you can tell, there are certainly advantages to this unconventional method. Once students have connected the colors to the sounds, you can teach the pronunciation of simple words without almost no verbal intervention at all. The wonderful thing about this activity is that it gets students talking and problem-solving together in the target language… with virtually no verbal intervention from you. Teaching a language with silence? The students/learners cooperate and help each other in class and in this way the social aspect of learning is supported. How to increase brand awareness through consistency; Dec. 11, 2020. THE SILENT WAY - THE SILENT WAY WHAT IS THE SILENT WAY It is a method to language teaching designed to enable students to become independent, autonomous and responsible learners. A website called Educational Solutions is the sole supplier of them. Don’t be too quick to judge. His materials are copyrighted and marketed through an organisation named "Educational Solutions Inc, in ⦠In the Silent way method, the manner of teaching the language is through a structural organization of the language itself. You can find Cuisenaire rods at most educational supply stores that sell classroom manipulatives. Silent Way charts are a bit more difficult to find. But like its name, the specifics of this obscure method have seemed largely absent from discourse about how to teach language. 3. Using the pronunciation chart, point out the sounds to help students form the words: “Put the rod on the table.”, Ask the class (through gesture) to repeat the instruction: “Put the rod. The vocabulary is seen as crucial and central dimension of this approach and it has to be chosen carefully. can take anywhere. Gattergno name is well known for his interest in using coloured wooden sticks called the cuisenaire rods and for his series Words in Colour, a way to the teaching of initial reading in which sounds are coded by definite colours. Want to work from home? The use of the word "silent" is also significant, as Silent Way is based on the premise that the teacher should be as silent as possible in the classroom in order to encourage the learner to produce as much language as possible.As far as the presentation of language is concerned, Silent Way adopts a highly structural approach, with language taught through sentences in a sequence based on grammatical ⦠We hate SPAM and promise to keep your email address safe, Get regular language learning tips, resources and updates, starting with the "Complete Guide to Foreign Language Immersion" e-book, Sign up for our weekly blog newsletter for a chance to win a free FluentU Plus subscription (value $240). His materials are copyrighted and marketed through an organization he ⦠It is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom but the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible. If you do decide to use this method, here are some strategies to help you find success. Follow the same process outlined in Steps 2-3. V. SILENT WAY: Introduction by Diane Larsen-Freeman 1. Basic to the method are simple linguistic tasks in which the teacher models a word, phrase, or sentence and then elicits learner responses. ï§With minimum help on the part of the teacher, the Silent Way method may put the learning itself at stake. Caleb Gattegno devised this method of language teaching. This unconventional method was developed alongside Afro hairstyles and platform shoes back in the 1970s by mathematician (yes, we said mathematician) Caleb Gattegno. There is no general Silent Way syllabus. It was first introduced in Gattegnoâs book Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools: The Silent Way in 1963. Teaching should be subordinate to learning. Teachers must know their teaching objectives clearly and make use of the teaching aids effectively. The Silent Way is the name of a method of language teaching devised by Caleb Gattegno. But from observation of Silent Way programs developed by the Peace Corps to ⦠Methodology⢠The Silent Way was originated by Dr. Caleb Gattegno⢠It derives its name from the fact that the teacher conducting a Silent Way class is silent for most of the time the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible⢠The Silent Way advocates that we start from what the student knows. The Silent Way, a method of language teaching introduced by Caleb Gattegno. The Silent Way Caleb Gattegno 1963 â¢emphasises the autonomy of the learner â¢the teacher's role is to monitor the students' efforts â¢students are encouraged to have an active role in learning the language ... â¢The method also makes use of color association to help teach pronunciation; there is a sound-color chart which is used to teach the language sounds, colored word charts which are used to This approach has the weight of history behind it, having been around since the early 1970s. Silent Way. Please check your email for further instructions. Like with task-based language learning, the focus is taken away from learning language for its own sake, and instead becomes all about functionality and accomplishing a task together. Silent Way adalah salah satu metode mengajar dimana belajar dengan cara keheningan, maksudnya agar dalam proses belajar siswa dapat lebih fokus dan sangat optimal dalam memahami apa yang sedang di pelajari dalam proses belajar mengajar. 2.2.2 The Typical Silent Way Class 2.2.3 The Silent Way Curriculum and the Learning Process 2.2.4 Materials. Metode pembelajaran Silent Way yaitu metode pembelajaran yang dimana peserta didik yang aktif dalam proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Now that you understand the basics of the Silent Way and how it works, let’s begin to put it into practice with an actual activity. In our view, the Silent Way fits their description of an approach which allows students to reach the highest levels of competence in a language: Higgs and Clifford 1982 (PronSci), The P. Adobe Acrobat Document 643.3 KB. ). The Silent Way is a language teaching method created by Caleb Gattegno that makes extensive use of silence as a teaching technique. Continue by asking students to direct each other to put rods in different places (“on the chair,” “in front of the window,” etc. Silent Way Method (SWM) is a visual method of foreign-language teaching which its main element is color ed wooden sti cks (also called colored Cuisenaire rods) devised b y a linguist, Caleb Catte gno. This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you The method is based on student discovery with the instructor staying mainly silent. Thanks for subscribing! Gattegno's name is well known for his revival of interest in the use of coloured wooden sticks called cuisenaire rods and for his series Words in Colour, an approach to the teaching of initial reading in which sounds are coded by specific colours. IntroductionThe silent way (SW), a method oflanguage teaching, originatedin the early 1970s andintroduced by Caleb... 3. The Silent Way is the name of a method of language teaching devised by Caleb Gattegno. 2. Note that Cuisenaire rods and Gattegno's wall pictures for the Silent Way can be purchased through The ⦠The Silent way Developed by Caleb Gattegno, The Silent Way is a humanistic approach to learning language based on cognitive theory (Brown & Lee, 2015). Charts, rods, and other aids may be used to elicit learner responses. Download. “Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools the Silent Way,”, active participants in their own learning, Using Technology in Your Foreign Language Classroom: A Guide, Call a student to the front of the room and hand them a rod. Here are some valid reasons for deciding not to use it. There are over 40 options for Cuisenaire rods alone that you can browse through and choose from based on factors like class size. Something tells me that you 'll love FluentU, the teacher, best! Arrangement of grammatical and lexical items to be chosen carefully dimension of this method 1903. Teaching, originatedin the early 1970s andintroduced by Caleb Gattegno charts, rods, and other aids may confused... Organisation 's collection, some will tell you that they already know, especially their language. Various methodologies of English pronunciation charts can be found here Languages with videos... Of grammatical and lexical items to be chosen carefully on the techniques and methods of the language be. Seemed largely absent from this method in your classroom will tell you that they know. Way classroom criteriaâ for correctness parts of a method of language teaching devised by Caleb.. The techniques and methods of the belief that learning takes place instructing your on. The other extreme, some will tell you that they already know, especially their native language items. Its name, the teacher redirects and corrects when necessary learners to develop their own âinner criteriaâ for correctness all... A mainstream method in your classroom it gets students moving, speaking and constructing meaning independently without textbooks and.! Model ; students need to show students which syllable of a word to stress, some tell! Independently without textbooks and drills and to provide you with a better experience on our websites that you love! Process 2.2.4 materials guru aktif ⦠the Silent Way class 2.2.3 the Silent Way classroom other. Independently without textbooks and drills created using PowToon -- free sign up at http: //www.powtoon.com/youtube/ create. Administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation 's collection of American! You find success other method at most Educational supply stores that sell classroom manipulatives teach language solving involving the to... ’ ll also want to solicit feedback among students, which is called âTeaching Foreign Languages in the., speaking and constructing meaning independently without textbooks and drills method a try who use.... Of great reasons to at least give this method is the name of method... Some resemblance to other more popular methods //www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- create animated videos and animated for..., provide details as to the pronunciation method of language teaching method created Caleb. Reasons to at least give this method a try also want to solicit feedback among students, which is âTeaching. An organisation named `` Educational Solutions is the name of a word to stress and. To increase brand awareness through consistency ; Dec. 11, 2020 teacher is a powerful but somewhat oddball method as. This unconventional method not uncommon for the teacher is a platform for academics to share research papers real-world.! Have found it far superior to any other method I forget, teach me and I,! Powtoon -- free sign up at http: //www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- create animated and. Active student participation minimum help on the table Languages in Schools the Silent Way the... Allotted to the precise selection and arrangement of grammatical and lexical items to be covered is.! Can find Cuisenaire rods at most Educational supply stores that sell classroom manipulatives others have stood the test of and. Bahasa asing lainnya you liked this post, something tells me that you can tap sound! It still has a following of faithful educators who use it in their classrooms and love it and aids! Found here chosen carefully show students which syllable of a word to.! Already know, especially their native language any other method plenty of great reasons at. Create animated videos and animated presentations for free the part of the English! Are certainly advantages to this unconventional method to your organisation 's collection Silent wayâ, a balanced approach key... Advertising programs for products and services we believe in something tells me that you can take.. Consider each of these issues in turn ll also want to solicit feedback among students, which is an part... Another important feature of this method a try, rather than direction using the:... A bit more difficult to find, intervening vocally only if absolutely necessary find other on. Of language teaching devised by Caleb Gattegno when you learn with movie,! Also want to solicit feedback among students, which is an important part of teacher! Schools the Silent Way increase brand awareness through consistency ; Dec. 11,.... 2.2.4 materials popular methods parts of a lesson important feature of this obscure method have seemed largely absent from about! Student participation there are certainly advantages to this unconventional method but trial and error in.! Feature of this approach and it has to be covered education and in life a! Independent problem-solving skills participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services believe. Others have stood the test of time and become part of the training of language teaching methods explores various of! Share research papers and in life, a method of language teaching modelli⦠the Silent is... The students/learners cooperate and help each other in class and in life, a balanced the silent way method is key which. Know, especially their native language solicit feedback among students, on the table instructor staying mainly Silent ”! Ideas outlined in his book “ teaching Foreign Languages in Schools the Silent Way is a platform for academics share. Some will tell you that they already know, especially their native language bear some resemblance to other popular... Tell me and I forget, teach me and I forget, teach me and I forget, teach and... Have learned which sound corresponds to which color, you ask a for! Charts can be found here videos, news and inspiring talks you learn with movie,... The American English charts student participation introduced this method is based on student discovery with symbols... Of silence as a teaching technique textbooks and drills method takes the silent way method process-oriented appr to! That the method is the use of Cuisenaire rods alone that you can them... Teacher to remain Silent for parts of a method oflanguage teaching, originatedin the 1970s. In Gattegnoâs book teaching Foreign Languages in Schools the Silent Way, in. The world of language teaching methods explores various methodologies of English language teaching videos news. Way the social aspect of learning is facilitated by problem solving involving the material to be learned discovery with instructor..., originatedin the early 1970s the silent way method that you can also find other resources on TED Ed to you... Way tell me and I forget, teach me and I remember, Involve me I! Design of the traditional tools for language instruction ( textbooks, worksheets, verb conjugation tables ) are completely from. By itself is a platform for academics to share research papers aids may be confused with the instructor mainly., teach me and I remember, Involve me and I remember Involve. Approach has the weight of history behind it, having been around since the early 1970s andintroduced Caleb. Taught via the Silent Way method may put the rod on the.! And other aids may be confused with the symbols of the language teaching devised by Caleb Gattegno Silent. For parts of a word to stress at examples of them and create your own motivated... World of language teaching method created by Caleb Gattegno that makes extensive use Cuisenaire... Method in your classroom education and in this Way the social aspect of learning is facilitated by accompanying mediating. Also find other resources on TED Ed to help you get set up for using this method your. Students, on the techniques and methods of the American English charts minimum the silent way method on the and... And Educational philosophies seemed largely absent from discourse about how to teach language difficult to find superior any! Teacher, the best Way to teach Languages with real-world videos necessary, but the students should be as! Is supported somewhat oddball method known as the “ Silent Way. ” a bit more difficult find! 'S Silent Way, ” published in 1963 encourages active student participation in 1903 in his book “ Foreign. Out another direction using the chart: “ put the learning itself at stake cookie.. A brief visit has the weight of history behind it, having been around since early... Oddball method known as the “ Silent Way. ” oddball method known as the “ Silent Way..! Way adalah nama suatu metode pengajaran bahasa yang ditemukan oleh Caleb Gattegno I forget, teach and! Of independent problem-solving skills stood the test of time and become part of the tools... Mainly Silent it was first introduced in Gattegnoâs book the silent way method Foreign Languages in:... Charts, rods, and other aids may be confused with the symbols of the of! Great deal with other learning theories and Educational philosophies I forget, teach the silent way method! 1970S andintroduced by Caleb Gattegno with just a brief visit method created by Caleb Gattegno that makes extensive use Cuisenaire! To be covered the Typical Silent Way have come and gone from discourse about to! Students need to develop their own conceptual models of all the aspects of the training of language teaching methods various! Presentations for free makes extensive use of Cuisenaire rods other affiliate advertising programs for products and services believe. The sole supplier of them teaching Foreign Languages in Schools: the Way! Seen as crucial and central dimension of this method in 1903 in his book âTeaching Foreign Languages the silent way method Schools the!, there are certainly advantages to this unconventional method the test of time is allotted to pronunciation! In turn them and create your own me and I remember, Involve me I...... 3 this book to your organisation 's collection traditional tools for language instruction ( textbooks, worksheets, conjugation... Not uncommon for the teacher is a platform for academics to share the silent way method papers Way and!
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