With the adoption of this Law, the civil society representatives gained a new role in cultural policy making in Croatia, however, it is important to stress here that this initiative has not yet resulted in a deep reform of the decision-making process. Hague, Rod ; Harrop, Martin; Breslin, Shaun (2001) Komparativna vladavina i politika : Uvod, Politička misao, Zagreb. An overview of existing legislation in the cultural field shows that the civil society, particularly professional organizations, have a certain degree of representation in different segments of the process of cultural policy making. Gojko Bežovan, one of the leading contemporary theorists of civil society in Croatia claims that all relevant Croatian institutions established at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century were created as a result of civic engagement. The development and management of cultural policy is therefore one of the most complex areas of modern government, a kind of a balancing act, not so much between competing priorities as in other areas of policy, but between competing visions of the role of culture in society. While democracy is ensured by elections, testing the quality of this democracy is another and more complicated issue. A special law regulates the rules for establishing and operating arts organizations. The holistic and ‘horizontal’ (bottom-up) model is much more likely to succeed than the ‘vertical’ (top down) one, which will always be more vulnerable to sudden unexpected change, or even to the whims of particular politicians when in power. ), correspondence with the decision makers, informal and formal meetings. Čopič, Vesna 2002. This law puts self-employed artists in a somewhat privileged position compared to artists holding permanent jobs in public institutions or other self-employed individuals in the Republic of Croatia, but the Law is particularly interesting for this analysis, because the artists and professional organizations have an almost exclusive right to decide which artists will be granted this status. Juanita Fathul Amani 11/315980/EK/18633. This specificity is a consequence of the reality that the decision-makers (ministers of culture) have a very small number of institutions on which they can have a direct influence. (ibid), Similar arguments can be found in Christopher Gordon’s article about the different roles that cultural organizations, administrators and artists, can play in the policy development process. (2) Gojko Bežovan: The Structure of the civil society in Croatia: results of the empirical research. (ibid). of civil society, Sektionsgruppen According to the finding of this report, non-governmental organizations, cultural institutions and individual artists exert a strong influence on the formulation and implementation of cultural policies (Katunarić, 1998) which includes their autonomous creation of arts’ programmes and also their influence on the decisions taken by governmental bodies and the bodies of local administration and self-government. The Croatian Council for Cultural Heritage(8) has a president and eight members. This is achieved by influencing public opinion on matters of culture and art through the participation, in an advisory capacity, of individuals and non-governmental organizations in decisions made by governmental bodies and through different forms of lobbying. There are many examples of efficient and cooperative communication between civil society representatives and policy makers that have resulted in improvements in certain cultural policy measures and instruments. archives, theatres, museums, cultural heritage). Civil Society as an instrument for securing rights and interests of the people: Civil Society works for discharging several economic, social, cultural, moral and other responsibilities which fall in the domain of private activities. Antolović, Jadran (ur.) At present the Councils only exist on the national level, but the law also allows their foundation on county and town levels. to different Croatian non-governmental organizations which are not exclusively involved in artistic creation, but also operate in other segments of cultural life either as advocacy and lobbying organizations, research and study groups or managing grass-route projects in different areas such as cultural tourism, regional development or the environment. (Gordon, 2001). Cultural councils, even if they have the authority to make decisions, do not have the necessary capacity or resources for their work. (4) Namely Law on cultural councils, Official Gazette, no. While the system established under the Law on Self-employed Artists was under continuous criticism as being non-transparent and, in a way, obsolete in the context of contemporary public policies, the example of a unilateral decision to abolish certain incentives without any analysis of possible effects and consequences, and without contemplating the possibility of introducing some new measures to counterbalance the negative effect of a government’s decision, shows weaknesses in public policy making and illustrates clearly some points raised in the Vesna Čopič’s paper on policy making: Participation of different actors in the process of reaching cultural and political decisions may primarily be considered not a value issue but a functional matter related to the efficiency and effectiveness of actual policies. They do not receive funding for their work and moreover they are not distributing grants related to decisions made, which seriously limits the level of their independence(10). cultural councils, statements from assemblies of professional organizations, formal requests from renowned cultural institutions, etc. Specifically, it focuses on the following aspects: how civil society actors organize themselves into advocacy coalitions; how policy networks are formed to influence policy processes and outcomes; and how policy research institutes contribute their research into policy. Even though this is probably the most visible segment of civil society involvement in the cultural field, these organizations are not very relevant in the policy-making process, so their work will not be further analysed in this paper(3). (http://www.policiesforculture.org). The 1990s and 2000s were periods of intense civil societal activity in Latin American democracies. Provide examples to support your answer Definitions of civil society Civil society is the spere outside of the family, the nation and the market where people associate to develop frequent interests. It is a community of conscious citizens, who are intelligent and well aware of the current political, economic, cultural and social situations in the world and their country in particular. In order to meet their own interest, that of achieving the desired outcome, politicians in power must organize their decision making process in such a way that the interested parties or stakeholders are involved, and in this way stand a reasonable chance of success. (8) Law on the protection and the promotion of cultural goods, Official Gazette, 69/99. Das Verbindende der Kulturen | Book: The Unifying Aspects (10) Cultural councils make decisions on who is going to receive a grant, but it is the Ministry of Culture that actually transfers the money and also receives and evaluates financial reports. Peruko (Zagreb), Buch: The development of civil society in the cultural sector has proceeded in Croatia in much more difficult circumstance than in other countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Tìm kiếm role of civil society organisation in policy making and development , role of civil society organisation in policy making and development tại 123doc - Thư viện trực tuyến hàng đầu Việt Nam They were originally established to preserve the national culture and languages threatened by a foreign regime, but in the course of time they developed into community centres of social life. countries has made policy weak - But China, Vietnam, and some countries have shown that the government can play a constructive role in development • 3 important trends in governance and reform: fighting corruption, implementing decentralization, and encouraging broad - based development participation. This is a very flexible form of organizing artists that enables them to efficiently seek funding and execute different artistic projects. This was well articulated by Charles Landry and François Matarasso in their reflections on the most important strategic dilemmas in cultural policy. Civil society's ability to influence government policy will come under discussion later this month in the Scottish city of Glasgow at the CIVICUS World Assembly (Jun. These contributions are, under certain conditions, paid out of the state budget. Not only directly in the democratic political process, but also by harnessing the support of the public, the audience, and the private sector - which can all have a crucial influence on government attitudes. And unlike other countries in transition, in the first period after the democratic changes and partly because of the war, Croatia did not immediately proceed with stronger support for the development of civil society(2). Members of the cultural councils are appointed by the Government that selects seven candidates based on recommendations from relevant art and cultural organizations and associations. The National Report on Cultural Policy brings some reflections on the role of civil society in cultural policy-making in Croatia. Faced with such loud protests from all artist organizations, the Ministry of Culture decided to bargain with the other ministries and found a way to avoid the application of these new measures to artistic creation. Still, in contemporary democratic societies, it is hard to imagine any form of decision-making process that does not take into consideration opinions and notions from the civil society, expressed either through individual involvement or on an institutional level. The World Economic Forum launched the ‘Future Role of Civil Society… Role of Civil Society: 1. (Landry, Matarasso, 1999: 7). The Law on Self-employed Artists has already been mentioned in this paper as a positive example of civil society involvement in the policy-making process. Civil society organisations should be politically neutral in their pursuit of developmental goals and ought to practice what they preach by being democratic and accountable themselves. Zakošek, Nenad: Civilno društvo, političke stranke i građanske udruge, Neprofitni centar, Zagreb, 5 (2000). Dr. Mathur speaks about the evolving role of citizen groups in public policy making. More and more CSOs are recognising the need to understand policy processes better and use evidence to engage with them more effectively. • Civil society and NGOs also have Media and cultural aspects The Croatian Archival Council consists of eleven members, but the Croatian Archives Association, a non-governmental professional organization that represents professionals in this field, appoints only one member to this Council. Discuss the role of civil society participation in development policymaking. Campaigns and public protest The greatest tool in the civic arsenal is persuasion. Landry, Charles; Matarasso François (1999) Balancing act: twenty-one strategic dilemmas in cultural policy, Cultural Policies Research and Development Unit, Policy Note. Before one d… Inhalt | Table of Contents | Contenu 15 Nr. A rather high degree of civil society involvement is envisaged in the execution of the Law on the Rights of Self-employed Artists and on the Promotion of Cultural and Artistic Creativity. However, today, civil society is “recognised as a diverse and ever-wider ecosystem of individuals, communities and organisations” (WEF, 2013, p. 6). The example of two years of "fierce battles" between the Coordination of Professional Arts Organizations and the government (both the Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Finance), which resulted in the resignation of all members of the Board of the Association of Self-Employed Artists, mere symbolic reductions of costs and continuous debate about the same problems, proves that it is neither rational nor effective to exclude civil society from the decision-making process. The development of non-profit organizations and associations in the cultural field in Croatia is also analysed in the National Report on Cultural Policy, and the authors of the National Report share many observations highlighted by Gojko Bežovan and other researchers who have dealt with the role of civil society in Croatia. This paper was presented in the session "Media and Cultural Aspects of Civil Society" at the International Conference "The Unifying Aspects of Cultures", INST, Vienna, 7-9 November 2003. The role of civil society in ensuring good governance: Challenges facing public ... enhance community cohesion and decision-making. In 2002, there was a protest of independent artists and a public debate with the Ministry of Culture over the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Social Affairs' presentation of a draft law on retirement benefits and health insurance in the cultural sector. However, if the civil society representatives feel that their opinions and interests are not taken into account, they can organize rallies and demonstrations and even use their artistic expression to attract attention to the issues they think should be treated differently. In order to overcome the challenges of highly centralized decision-making, and with the aim of including civil society representatives in cultural policy-making, in 2001 the Parliament adopted the Law on Cultural Councils. This paper will give some examples and analyse some aspects of the decision-making process in the cultural field in Croatia and also assess the role that the civil society plays or could play in that process. (9) See the Compendium of cultural policies, 2003. All of this will be established through the comparison between democratic countries, and less democratic or authoritarian regimes. While health and education ministers have thousands of hospitals and schools, and millions of public employees under their control, the culture minister typically has few directly managed resources. The Law on Cultural Councils was an attempt to reform cultural policy decision-making in Croatia and bring it closer to the decentralized system which exists in many European countries. In practise, ministers of culture, even though they had the right to approve or deny the Commission’s decisions, have not exercised this right and have never overturned the decisions taken by the Commission. Still, this is not always the case. The Croatian Museaologist Association appoints three out of seven members of the Council for Museums. The Law prescribes that, if the proposal of the Cultural council is rejected, the Minister must explain in writing the reasons why. In the article The role of civil society in the policy-making process, Vesna Čopič describes the process of adopting decisions in the public sector which principally requires the cooperation of three major interest groups: i.e. The role of civil society was highly critical for peace building, and social and economic reconstruction. She concludes by stating that the participation of different actors in the process of reaching cultural and political decisions may primarily be considered not a value issue but a functional matter related to the efficiency and effectiveness of actual policies. Stubbs, P. (2001) Politička ekonomija civilnog društva, Globalizacija i njene refleksije u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb. To illustrate some of these issues this article will analyse three different aspects of civil-society participation in cultural policy making: the general legislative framework for the involvement of the civil society in cultural policy making, attempts to decentralize decision making(4) and advocacy and lobbying. Information is vital to civic participation and also encourages its development. The second group consists of arts’ organizations established by professional artists. Still, some NGOs and alternative art projects have been receiving funding and support from foundations such as the Open Society Institute. According to different provisions of the Law on Archives(5), Law on Libraries(6) and Law on Museums(7), the Ministry of Culture establishes consultative bodies responsible for the implementation and monitoring of certain provisions in these laws. Their responsibilities lie mainly in those segments of policy making, where there is a need for setting up or monitoring professional standards - such as determining programs and requirements for "expert exams", monitoring the professional and artistic standards of public and private cultural and arts organizations and institutions, etc. (Hague, Harrop, Breslin, 1998) Depending on the approach adopted, the role of civil society representatives differs. Since the CSI is an action-planning tool for civil society, the final section of Part 3 explains how the CSI project is already generating research-based evidence that might be used by CSOs to (Dragojević, 1998). The efforts succeeded in shaping the current HIV/AIDS policy through various initiatives such as the use of constitutional law in legal action against profiteering drug companies. (, 2.3. Lobbying can be both formal and informal; it can take place through official commissions or bodies (i.e. Dragojević, Sanjin (1998): Decentralizationin Katunarić, Vjeran; Cvjetičanin, Biserka: Kulturna politika Republike Hrvatske: Nacionalni izvještaj, Ministarstvo kulture Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb. 53/01. Herna O. S11/319841/EK/18645. transitional states, the civil society sector plays a significant role in lobbying and pressur- ing governments for democratising politics and to complement policy changes (Bratton, 1994; Cohen and Rogers 1995; Kasfir, 1998). It is linked to the existence of public institutions and structure that are capable of a more comprehensive reflection and synthesis, meaning the transformation of individual interests into a general interest. HerausgeberIn | Editor | Éditeur: Zrinjka It is indeed quite difficult to determine the real strength of the non-governmental cultural sector and its ability to influence decision-making processes, because there is a great disparity between proclaimed and abstract goals of cultural policy and the actual reality of the decision-making process. ?§(.Ó/îg»ÚÀO8{µ±ÒLeR/³æyÈzè=ÏÔXÊ.Qô¥ò$P[¬VÌ2åqEö}oÙµeZ K±µÄÑá{¯k'ÜÍâ»*ïà©OÿZÕßOtÆ2ØÔéV~õwSm±CÀeæãæ-Bæü/k
£J4«C?EïWá°tWظ/èº|¯÷éÖV;ÈïWn¡X¡&sò»cò9t[ê¸6¥úÈëà\ð@]qgÚ4¨â´%Ö$à]×]f³×ÆO+_§`/V&Pkpe'. Subsequently, with the legislative changes that occurred in early 2003, and without any prior consultation with the Association of Self-employed Artists, the government abolished the benefits that were guaranteed by the Law on Self-employed Artists. Activities to enhance the role of civil society in the democratic process include: Setting of relevant standards (e.g., guidelines and codes) for meaningful civil participation in political decision-making; Capacity-building and support to civil society projects in member states; Still, one of the issues remains the question of the level of involvement and participation as well as the number of active members of different organizations which represents a challenge in determining their legitimacy. The Government of National Unity that came to power in July 1994 sought to democratise the country’s politics despite the challenging socio-political environment. In spite of resistance from many quarters, civil society is actually engaged in policy formulation, through a variety of formal and informal approaches. Civil society often uses public mobilization to persuade policymakers to … Rather, Gramsci located civil society in the political superstructure. Presented by: Agustian Singgih 11/317478/EK/18640. Then, I will outline how the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and political participation aid and strengthen democratic governance. For former socialist and communist countries, one of the indicators of their successful transformation into democratic societies is the development of civil society, its role in influencing the decision-making process as well as its capability to participate in the implementation, and effective monitoring of the consequences and results of different public policies. Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) also have an important role to play in influencing policies and practices to make them pro-poor. most prominent in the civil society space (VanDyck, 2017, p. 1). Advocacy and lobbying are surely the most visible and common ways a civil society influences the policy-making process in all sectors of public policy. Nadya Aufa 11/315829/EK/18591 According to the provisions of this law, chairpersons of each cultural council are members of the National Council for Culture - a body that adopts the National programme for culture, coordinates work of cultural councils and assists the minister of culture in determining the priorities of cultural policy. , Biserka ( 1998 ) Kulturna politika Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, 5 ( 2000 ) Civilno društvo u i. Prominent in the policy-making proces is vital to civic participation and also encourages its development the research. Minister must explain in writing the reasons why, 2003 other '' groups, etc )! 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